Everything about Megapodiidae totally explained
» For other uses of the term "mound builder", see Mound builder.
The
megapodes, also known as
incubator birds or
mound-builders, are stocky, medium-large chicken-like
birds with small heads and large feet in the family
Megapodiidae. They are terrestrial browsers. All but the
Malleefowl occupy jungle habitats, and most are brown or black coloured. Megapodes are called
superprecocial, which means that they hatch from their eggs in the most mature condition of any birds. They hatch with open eyes, with bodily coordination and strength, with full wing feathers and downy body feathers, able to run, pursue prey, and, in some species, fly on the same day they hatch.
Breeding and nests
They don't incubate their eggs with their body heat in the orthodox way, but bury them. They are best known for building massive nest-mounds of decaying vegetation, which the male attends, adding or removing litter to regulate the internal heat while the eggs hatch. However, some bury their eggs in other ways: there are burrow-nesters which use geothermal heat, and others which simply rely on the heat of the sun warming sand. Some species vary their incubation strategy depending the local environment or the season. Although the
Australian Brush-turkey is the only species of bird in which sex ratio is confirmed to be incubation-temperature dependent, it's speculated that this is common to all Megapodes, as they share nesting methods unique among birds. The non-social nature of their incubation raises questions as to how the hatchlings come to recognise other members of their species, a process subserved by
imprinting in other members of the order
Galliformes; recent research suggests that there's an instinctive visual recognition of specific movement patterns of conspecifics.
Many are shy, solitary, and inconspicuous, others live in colonies of many thousands of birds.
Chicks don't have an egg tooth: they use their powerful claws to break out of the egg, and then tunnel their way up to the surface of the mound, lying on their backs and scratching at the sand and vegetable matter. Similar to other
precocious birds, they hatch fully feathered and active, already able to fly and live independent from their parents.
Distribution
Megapodes are found in the broader
Australasian region, including islands in the western
Pacific,
Australia,
New Guinea, and the islands of
Indonesia east of the
Wallace Line, but also the
Andaman and
Nicobar Islands in the
Bay of Bengal.
Species
There are 21 species in 6 genera. Although the evolutionary relationships between the Megapodiidae are especially uncertain, the morphological groups are clear:
Scrubfowl group: Megapodius (13 species) and Macrocephalon (1 species).
- Maleo, Macrocephalon maleo
- Moluccan Scrubfowl, Megapodius wallacei
- Polynesian Scrubfowl, Megapodius pritchardii
- Micronesian Scrubfowl, Megapodius laperouse
- Nicobar Scrubfowl, Megapodius nicobariensis
- Philippine Scrubfowl, Megapodius cumingii
- Sula Scrubfowl, Megapodius bernsteinii
- Dusky Scrubfowl, Megapodius freycinet
- Melanesian Scrubfowl, Megapodius eremita
- Vanuatu Scrubfowl, Megapodius layardi
- New Guinea Scrubfowl, Megapodius affinis
- Orange-footed Scrubfowl Megapodius reinwardt
- Tanimbar Scrubfowl Megapodius tenimberensis
- Biak Scrubfowl Megapodius geelvinkianus
Malleefowl group:
- Malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata, the Malleefowl of the semi-arid Australian outback.
Brush-turkey group: Alectura (1 species), Aepypodius (2 species) and Talegalla (3 species).
Further Information
Get more info on 'Megapodiidae'.
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